Oliver Cromwell
Head of the English republic; in his time the Jews returned to England
In 1655 Menasseh ben Israel came to him from Amsterdam with a petition for the readmission of the Jews to England—the Humble Address to His Highness. The Whitehall conference of that year reached no decision: the lawyers declared that no law forbidding Jews to live in England existed at all—the expulsion of 1290 had been a royal writ, not a statute—and so there was nothing to permit. There is no formal act of readmission in English history; the return happened silently, and in 1656 a synagogue opened in London.
This must be said exactly, because the usual phrasing is "Cromwell permitted the Jews to return." He did not permit—he did not forbid, and the difference is legal, not verbal.
Sources
Documents of the period
- Menasseh ben Israel, Humble Address to His Highness (1655); the Whitehall conference — the petition and the lawyers' finding that no prohibiting law existed
Basis: documents and evidence.